The gamma globin genes (HBG1 and HBG2) are normally expressed in the fetal liver, spleen and bone marrow. Two gamma chains together with two alpha chains constitute fetal hemoglobin (HbF) which is normally replaced by adult hemoglobin (HbA) in the year following birth. In the non-pathological condition known as hereditary persistence of fetal ... Mar 19, 2019 ... globin American English pronunciation. How to pronounce globin correctly. How to say globin in proper American English.Betibeglogene autotemcel, sold under the brand name Zynteglo, is a gene therapy for the treatment for beta thalassemia. It was developed by Bluebird Bio and was given breakthrough therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration in February 2015.. The most common adverse reactions include reduced platelet and other blood cell …The globins are a superfamily of heme -containing globular proteins, involved in binding and/or transporting oxygen. These proteins all incorporate the globin fold, a series of eight alpha helical segments. Two prominent members include myoglobin and hemoglobin. Both of these proteins reversibly bind oxygen via a heme prosthetic group. Mar 1, 2022 ... The globin vectors currently in clinical development for the genetic treatment of β-thalassemias and sickle cell disease encode either a β- or a ...A diagram illustrating the developmental switching of the β-like globin gene expression in human (left) and mouse (right). Organization of human and murine β-globin loci, consisting of the linked β-like globin genes (colored boxes), upstream DNaseI hypersensitive sites (HS, red boxes) within the locus control regions (LCR), and downstream 3′HS1, is …Surprisingly, when the entire mouse β-globin LCR (5′HS1–6) was deleted by homologous recombination, the formation of the general DNAse I-sensitivity associated with the β-globin locus domain was not affected; however, transcription of all β-like globin genes was strikingly reduced. 14, 63 These observations raise several questions regarding the …Dec 2, 2022 ... Alpha-globin is a component (subunit) of a larger protein called hemoglobin, which is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to ...Globin and Globulin are proteins that help in the transportation of substances in the bloodstream. Hemoglobin is a globin protein, whereas immunoglobulins ...Aug 12, 2020 · Different globin lineages are present in different arthropod taxa. The organismal phylogeny of arthropods was taken from Misof et al. (2014). Shading indicates taxa with available genome data. Globin sequences containing predicted protein acylation motifs are colored and annotated by underlining (N-myristoylation) and asterisks (3C-palmitoylation). Of note, 45% and 54% (in the A85 and A20 lines, respectively) of the primitive cells from E13.5 with γ-globin transcript showed expression of εy globin, supporting the notion that γ-globin is ...Busque em 18.224 fotos de stock e imagens royalty-free de Goblin da iStock. Encontre fotos de stock de alta qualidade que você não acha em nenhum outro ...Still, he wanders through his days searching for the prophesied Goblin bride. The bride is the only one who can pull out the sword piercing his body which will finally set his soul free to rest in peace in the afterlife. 19 years ago, Kim Shin saved a woman from a life-threatening accident. From then on, the woman’s daughter Ji Eun Tak (Kim ... The Globin Y (GbY) gene appears to be restricted to gnathostome vertebrates, and has thus far only been found in the genomes of Xenopus, anole lizard, bearded dragon lizard, and platypus (13-16). Finally, the Globin E (GbE) gene has thus far only been found in the genome of birds (16-19). Expression patterns of these recently discovered globin ... Embryonic hemoglobin is a tetramer produced in the blood islands in the embryonic yolk sac during the mesoblastic stage (from 3rd week of pregnancy until 3 months). The protein is commonly referred to as hemoglobin ε . Chromosomal abnormalities can lead to a delay in switching from embryonic hemoglobin.Dec 1, 2012 · Evolution of hemoglobin and its genes. 2012 Dec 1;2 (12):a011627. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011627. Insights into the evolution of hemoglobins and their genes are an abundant source of ideas regarding hemoglobin function and regulation of globin gene expression. This article presents the multiple genes and gene families encoding human globins ... Despite sequence divergence between intracellu-lar and extracellular globins, these data strongly suggest that these three globin types are derived from a common ancestral globin-like gene and. Fax:. +33 (0) 2 98 29 23 24 Tel: +33 (0) 2 98 29 23 09 E-mail: [email protected]. Present address. Department of Cell Biology and Comparative Zoology ... Here we report that a six-coordinate globin of ancient origin, named Globin X, is present in fish RBCs. We establish that Globin X is a fast nitrite reductase, ...In β-thalassemia, either γ-globin induction to form fetal hemoglobin (α2γ2) or β-globin repair to restore adult hemoglobin (α2β2) could be therapeutic. ABE8e, a recently evolved adenine ...Oct 9, 2008 · Background Globin isoforms with variant properties and functions have been found in the pseudocoel, body wall and cuticle of various nematode species and even in the eyespots of the insect-parasite Mermis nigrescens. In fact, much higher levels of complexity exist, as shown by recent whole genome analysis studies. In silico analysis of the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans revealed an ... The basic molecule, the globin chain, is a small globular protein with a relative molecular mass of ∼ 17,000, carrying a porphyrin ring with a central iron atom. Haemoglobin-like molecules occur ...May 1, 2023 · Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues. Each hemoglobin molecule is a tetramer made of four polypeptide globin chains. Each globin subunit contains a heme moiety formed of an organic protoporphyrin ring and a central iron ion in the ferrous state (Fe2+). The iron molecule in each heme moiety can bind and unbind oxygen ... The main regulatory elements that mediate tissue-specific regulation of the adult β-globin gene are located proximal to the gene, including the 5’ promoter, downstream promoter elements, an intronic enhancer, and a 3’ enhancer ( Stamatoyannopoulos, 2005 ). These elements likely mediate tissue- and developmental stage specific expression.Here we report that a six-coordinate globin of ancient origin, named Globin X, is present in fish RBCs. We establish that Globin X is a fast nitrite reductase, ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Phytoglobins are globular plant (algae and land plant) proteins classified into the globin superfamily, which contain a heme, i.e. protoporphyrin IX-Fe, prosthetic group.The earliest known phytoglobins are leghemoglobins, discovered in 1939 by Kubo after spectroscopic and chemical analysis of the red pigment of soybean root nodules. A few decades after …Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α 2 γ 2) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus.Hemoglobin F is found in fetal red blood cells, and is involved in transporting oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to organs and tissues in the fetus. It is produced at around 6 weeks of pregnancy and the levels remain high after …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.The α - globin gene cluster is located in the telomeric region of chromosome 16 (16p13.3), and the functional genes are embryonic zeta (ζ) and two adult duplicated α2 and α1 genes. The β - globin gene cluster is located on 11p15.5 and includes five functional genes, 5′-ε- G γ- A γ-δ-β-3′ [3]. Figure 18.1. Organization of the human ... A locus control region ( LCR) is a long-range cis-regulatory element that enhances expression of linked genes at distal chromatin sites. It functions in a copy number-dependent manner and is tissue-specific, as seen in the selective expression of β-globin genes in erythroid cells. [1] Expression levels of genes can be modified by the LCR and ... The Globin Y (GbY) gene appears to be restricted to gnathostome vertebrates, and has thus far only been found in the genomes of Xenopus, anole lizard, bearded dragon lizard, and platypus (13-16). Finally, the Globin E (GbE) gene has thus far only been found in the genome of birds (16-19). Expression patterns of these recently discovered globin ... Thalassemias are a common cause of hypochromic microcytic anemia which arises from the reduced or absent synthesis of the globin chain of hemoglobin. Thalassemias are a quantitative defect of …The human β-globin gene cluster consists of five genes arranged in chromosome 11 in the same order in which they are expressed during development: 5′-ɛ-, Gγ -, Aγ-, δ-, and β-globin geneThe globins are a superfamily of heme -containing globular proteins, involved in binding and/or transporting oxygen. These proteins all incorporate the globin fold, a series of eight alpha helical segments. Two prominent members include myoglobin and hemoglobin. Both of these proteins reversibly bind oxygen via a heme prosthetic group. This chapter reviews how allosteric (heterotrophic) effectors and natural mutations impact hemoglobin (Hb) primary physiological function of oxygen binding and transport. First, an …The globin genes of Platynereis dumerilii. a Schematic representation of aligned primary structures of globin genes identified in Platynereis transcriptomes and …Oct 6, 2018 ... Myoglobin binds to oxygen forms a storage location for this oxygen before it is used by the muscles. It is a protein containing iron heme groups ...globin: [ glo´bin ] 1. the protein constituent of hemoglobin . 2. any of a group of proteins similar to the typical globin.Globin Genes, Human. D.J. Weatherall, in Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), 2013 How Globin Genes Are Regulated. A complete account of the regulation of the globin genes would explain why they are only active in appropriate tissues, that is, in the red cell precursors in the bone marrow; how their expression is controlled such that they synthesize relatively large amounts of ... In mouse and human, the β-globin genes reside in a linear array that is associated with a positive regulatory element located 5′ to the genes known as the ...A locus control region ( LCR) is a long-range cis-regulatory element that enhances expression of linked genes at distal chromatin sites. It functions in a copy number-dependent manner and is tissue-specific, as seen in the selective expression of β-globin genes in erythroid cells. [1] Expression levels of genes can be modified by the LCR and ... Jan 24, 2012 · For example, the globin repertoires of the sea urchin and sea squirts descend from two distinct paralogs that were present in the deuterostome common ancestor, and each paralogous gene lineage diversified independently in the two separate organismal lineages via repeated rounds of duplication and divergence. This site provides data and tools for studying the function of DNA sequences, with an emphasis on those involved in the production of hemoglobin. It includes information …Globin and Globulin are proteins that help in the transportation of substances in the bloodstream. Hemoglobin is a globin protein, whereas immunoglobulins ...Feb 23, 2021 ... The expression of the fetal Gγ- and Aγ-globin genes in normal development is confined to the fetal period, where two γ-globin chains ...Beta-thalassemia is caused by the reduced (beta+) or absent (beta0) synthesis of the beta globin chains of the hemoglobin tetramer. Three clinical and hematological conditions of increasing ...2.2.3.2 The globin-coupled regulator from Azotobacter vinelandii ( Av GReg) A. vinelandii globin-coupled regulator (Av GReg) is a 472 residues long soluble protein. Hundred and seventy-eight residues at the N-terminus form the globin domain, and 170 residues at the C-terminus form the DGC domain. Until now, the cytosolic form of the globin ... Recent studies in humans and mice 3,4,5,6 have shown that BCL11A is a repressor of γ-globin gene expression in adult erythroid progenitors. Therefore, we examined Bcl11a RNA and Bcl11a protein ...Alex Eccleston. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2022) Around birth, globin expression in human red blood cells (RBCs) shifts from γ-globin to β-globin, which results in fetal haemoglobin (HbF ...The most common type of hemoglobin in the adult is HbA, which comprises two alpha-globin and two beta-globin subunits. Different …Tipping (even the smallest) will be welcomed.Goblin là một câu chuyện thần thoại kể về Kim Shin, trong quá khứ anh từng bị đâm bởi một thanh kiếm phép thuật, Kim Shin không những không chết mà còn có được cuộc sống …Thalassemias are a common cause of hypochromic microcytic anemia which arises from the reduced or absent synthesis of the globin chain of hemoglobin. Thalassemias are a quantitative defect of …The developmental switch in globin gene expression. Embryonic globins (ζ 2 ϵ 2), (α 2 ϵ 2), and (ζ 2 γ 2) are produced in the first few weeks of in utero development.The first switch in the type of hemoglobin produce occurs at 6 weeks, where ϵ-globin is silenced and fetal hemoglobin (α 2 γ 2) synthesis increases, and predominates for the remainder …Jul 1, 2013 ... The vector efficiently transduced bone marrow cells from SCD patients and expressed the engineered globin gene to prevent sickling of red blood ...c–e Globin gene expression analysis in BFU-E upon genetic perturbations of elements composing the entire HBB-3.5kb deletion, n = 6 biologically independent experiments (c); ...Here we report that a six-coordinate globin of ancient origin, named Globin X, is present in fish RBCs. We establish that Globin X is a fast nitrite reductase, ...Phylogenetic reconstructions arrange vertebrate globins into those that derive from vertebrate-specific duplications (cytoglobin, globin E, globin Y, and the independently derived myoglobin-like and hemoglobin-like genes of jawed vertebrates and jawless fishes [lampreys and hagfish]) and those that derive from far more ancient duplication ... 2.2.3.2 The globin-coupled regulator from Azotobacter vinelandii ( Av GReg) A. vinelandii globin-coupled regulator (Av GReg) is a 472 residues long soluble protein. Hundred and seventy-eight residues at the N-terminus form the globin domain, and 170 residues at the C-terminus form the DGC domain. Until now, the cytosolic form of the globin ... The duplicated α-globin genes and the five globin enhancers (R1–R4 and Rm) lie within a small ~90 kb TAD. This TAD is flanked by predominantly convergent CTCF boundary elements.Hemoglobin. (Heterotetramer, ( αβ) 2) Cấu trúc của hemoglobin ở người. Globin subunit α và β lần lượt có màu đỏ và xanh lam, còn các nhóm hem chứa sắt có màu xanh lục. Từ PDB: 1GZX Bản mẫu:Proteopedia. Loại protein. Metalloprotein, chromoprotein, globulin. Chức năng. Vận chuyển oxy. Globin-coupled sensors (GCSs) are a family of sensor transducers that have been found only in Archaea and Bacteria (Freitas et al., 2005; Hou et al., 2001; Vinogradov et al., 2006) and, in particular, Proteobacteria. This feature may, however, simply be an emulation of the taxonomic bias of the genomes chosen to be sequenced. A common method of determining globulin levels is subtracting albumin from total protein. The normal range of globulin in an adult is about 2.0 to 3.5 g/dL (20-35 g/L). Some laboratory standards are 2.0-3.9 g/dL (20-39 g/L) or 2.6-4.6 g/dL (26-46 g/L). The difference in the value range is due to differences in equipment, technology, and ...Around birth, globin expression in human red blood cells (RBCs) shifts from γ-globin to β-globin, resulting in fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) being gradually replaced by adult hemoglobin (HbA, α2β2) 1.This process has motivated innovative approaches to treating sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia by increasing HbF in postnatal RBCs 2. ...Across continents and decades, five brilliant friends make earth-shattering discoveries as the laws of science unravel and an existential threat emerges. In his quest for a bride to break his immortal curse, a 939-year-old guardian of souls meets a grim reaper and a sprightly student with a tragic past. Watch trailers & learn more.Still, he wanders through his days searching for the prophesied Goblin bride. The bride is the only one who can pull out the sword piercing his body which will finally set his soul free to rest in peace in the afterlife. 19 years ago, Kim Shin saved a woman from a life-threatening accident. From then on, the woman’s daughter Ji Eun Tak (Kim ... Jan 1, 2010 · Abstract. Haemoglobin, which is required for oxygen transportation in the blood, is encoded by members of the alpha (α) and beta (β) globin gene families. They are highly regulated throughout different stages of development in a tissue-specific manner. The number and type of α- and β-globin genes varies between jawed vertebrates. What is chronic fatigue syndrome, and how is it connected to low globulin levels? Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition that affects more than a million people in the USA, more commonly women.It is characterized by debilitating fatigue, which is not relieved by resting, along with flu-like symptoms, enlarged lymph nodes, sore throat, and a …Kim Shin (Gong Yoo) es un militar condecorado durante la Dinastía Goryeo y que es traicionado por el celoso rey al que sirvió. Cuando Kim Shin se enfrenta a la muerte en lugar del honor después de pelear una fuerte batalla, Dios lo convierte en un duende con la labor de proteger a ciertas personas de una vida de miseria. The globin part comprises four polypeptide chains, two identical polypeptide chain in hemoglobin. They are α-chains, and two identical β-chains in normal adult hemoglobin. Each chain contains a …Oct 9, 2008 · Background Globin isoforms with variant properties and functions have been found in the pseudocoel, body wall and cuticle of various nematode species and even in the eyespots of the insect-parasite Mermis nigrescens. In fact, much higher levels of complexity exist, as shown by recent whole genome analysis studies. In silico analysis of the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans revealed an ... Gostaríamos de exibir a descriçãoaqui, mas o site que você está não nos permite.The main regulatory elements that mediate tissue-specific regulation of the adult β-globin gene are located proximal to the gene, including the 5’ promoter, downstream promoter elements, an intronic enhancer, and a 3’ enhancer ( Stamatoyannopoulos, 2005 ). These elements likely mediate tissue- and developmental stage specific expression.Synopsis. Betrayed by the king he faithfully served, Kim Shin (Gong Yoo), a decorated military general from the Goryeo Dynasty, is forced to watch his family die before being transformed into a goblin by the higher powers. Cursed with the lonely burden of immortality, Kim Shin dedicates the rest of his long life to saving people with his ... Formalizer Turn the spicy thoughts into classy ones, or vice versaDec 1, 2012 · Evolution of hemoglobin and its genes. 2012 Dec 1;2 (12):a011627. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011627. Insights into the evolution of hemoglobins and their genes are an abundant source of ideas regarding hemoglobin function and regulation of globin gene expression. This article presents the multiple genes and gene families encoding human globins ... Nov 14, 2014 ... The main conclusion of the present study was that PNAs designed to target adult murine β-globin mRNA inhibit hemoglobin accumulation and ...The organization of the globin gene clusters, structures of individual globin genes, and general mechanisms of transcriptional control maintain an overall similarity from species …Abstract. β-globin gene disorders are the most prevalent inherited diseases worldwide and result from abnormal β-globin synthesis or structure. Novel therapeutic approaches are being developed in an effort to move beyond palliative management. Gene therapy, by ex vivo lentiviral transfer of a therapeutic β- globin gene derivative (β AT87Q ...Hemoglobin A2 (HbA 2) is a normal variant of hemoglobin A that consists of two alpha and two delta chains (α 2 δ 2) and is found at low levels in normal human blood.Hemoglobin A2 may be increased in beta thalassemia or in people who are heterozygous for the beta thalassemia gene.. HbA2 exists in small amounts in all adult humans (1.5–3.1% of all …Typically, haemoglobin has 4 globin chains each of which has a heme molecule containing iron. A globin is a complex protein which contains a sequence of amino acids which permits it to fold into a conformational sequence. Hemoglobinopathies are a result of differences in the globin chains which could be because of modifications in some globin chains. The …GENETIC BASIS OF HEMOGLOBIN. Human Hb consists of proteins with symmetric pairing of α-like and β-like globin dimers, which form a tetrameric structure, as well as functional units [].Individual α-like and β-like globin chains are encoded by two distinct gene clusters: the α-globin gene cluster on the short arm of chromosome 16 and …Abstract. β-globin gene disorders are the most prevalent inherited diseases worldwide and result from abnormal β-globin synthesis or structure. Novel therapeutic approaches are being developed in an effort to move beyond palliative management. Gene therapy, by ex vivo lentiviral transfer of a therapeutic β- globin gene derivative (β AT87Q ...Welcome to the Globin Gene Server. This site provides data and tools for studying the function of DNA sequences, with an emphasis on those involved in the ...The duplicated α-globin genes and the five globin enhancers (R1–R4 and Rm) lie within a small ~90 kb TAD. This TAD is flanked by predominantly convergent CTCF boundary elements.Abstract. We present the results of a detailed comparison of the primary structure of human beta-like globin genes and their flanking sequences. Among the sequences located 5' to these genes are two highly conserved regions which include the sequences ATA and CCAAT located 31 +/- 1 and 77 +/- 10 bp, respectively, 5' to the mRNA capping site. Feb 4, 2024 · The alpha (HBA) and beta (HBB) loci determine the structure of the 2 types of polypeptide chains in adult hemoglobin, Hb A. The normal adult hemoglobin tetramer consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains. Mutant beta globin causes sickle cell anemia. Absence of beta chain causes beta-zero-thalassemia. beta globin chains, typically present in the first six to 24 months of life with severe anemia, failure to thrive, and hepatosplenomegaly.3 Ineffective hematopoiesis leads to expansion of the bone marrow and resultant growth retardation, skeletal changes particularly in the face and long bones of the legs, osteoporosis, leg ulcers, and development of extramedullary …
Jan 23, 2024 ... Other articles where globin is discussed: hemoglobin: …four heme groups surrounding a globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure.. Crossbody purses target
These globin types were previously identified in protostome and deuterostome animals including vertebrates, suggesting their early ancestry in Metazoa. The HbL genes show multiple, lineage-specific gene duplications in all major arthropod clades. Some HbL genes (e.g., Glob2 and 3 of Drosophila) display particularly fast substitution …Globulin tests are blood tests. During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube or vial. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. Transplantation of autologous, genetically corrected HSCs represents an alternative therapy for patients lacking a suitable bone marrow donor. The clinical ...This globin chain imbalance can be modified by 2 factors: variation in the amount of α-globin production and variation in HbF response. Tertiary modifiers are gene variations based on the phenotype of β-thalassemia syndrome complications. With the increasing lifespan of β-thalassemia patients, subtle variations in the phenotype …Globin Gene. Each globin gene codes for the corresponding globin chain: the α-globin genes (HBA1 and HBA2) are used as the template to synthesize the α-globin chains, the …Feb 21, 2016 ... A short educational video on human hemoglobin genes and hemoglobin during development.Synthesis of α-globin and α-globin subunits of hemoglobin occurs at high levels during erythrocyte differentiation in a tightly controlled and coordinated fashion. Expression of α-globin is a fascinatingly complex process which has been meticulously defined in several recent studies, from chromatin modifications to Pol II recruitment. …Sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia are both genetic diseases caused by mutations in the β-globin locus. In SCD, a point mutation in the HBB gene leads to the formation of the sickle β ...The mouse and human β-globin loci contain an upstream LCR and multiple β-like genes arranged from 5′ to 3′ in order of their developmental expression ().In addition there are several distal ...Synthesis of α-globin and α-globin subunits of hemoglobin occurs at high levels during erythrocyte differentiation in a tightly controlled and coordinated fashion. Expression of α-globin is a fascinatingly complex process which has been meticulously defined in several recent studies, from chromatin modifications to Pol II recruitment. …switches in globin chain production (from the embryonic period until hematological adult life), heme synthesis and globin gene expression/regulation, besides func-tional aspects of the hemoglobin molecule. The chapter also includes models that predict the mechanisms of Hb-O 2 ligation, mediated by the presence of allosteric effectors, such as H ...Abstract. β-globin gene disorders are the most prevalent inherited diseases worldwide and result from abnormal β-globin synthesis or structure. Novel therapeutic approaches are being developed in an effort to move beyond palliative management. Gene therapy, by ex vivo lentiviral transfer of a therapeutic β- globin gene derivative (β AT87Q ...Find Globin stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection.May 9, 2014 · Abstract. The evolutionary fate of chimeric fusion genes may be strongly influenced by their recombinational mode of origin and the nature of functional divergence between the parental genes. In the β-globin gene family of placental mammals, the two postnatally expressed δ- and β-globin genes (HBD and HBB, respectively) have a propensity for ... Hemoglobin Synthesis. Hemoglobin synthesis requires the coordinated production of heme and globin. Heme is the prosthetic group that mediates reversible binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. Globin is the …Jul 25, 2011 ... www.sicklecellanaemia.org Part of the UK Open Education Programme supporting the sharing of educational materials and expertise in sickle ...Jan 24, 2012 · For example, in the case of globin clade 4, vertebrate Ngb, amphioxus Gb4, and the multidomain globin gene of the purple sea urchin (pGb) are each found adjacent to an ortholog of the human gene POMT2 (fig. 3A), which is consistent with results reported by Ebner et al. (2010). Jan 24, 2012 · For example, in the case of globin clade 4, vertebrate Ngb, amphioxus Gb4, and the multidomain globin gene of the purple sea urchin (pGb) are each found adjacent to an ortholog of the human gene POMT2 (fig. 3A), which is consistent with results reported by Ebner et al. (2010). Gamma globulin injections are usually given in an attempt to temporarily boost a patient's immunity against disease. Injections are most commonly used on patients having been exposed to hepatitis A or measles, or to make a kidney donor and a recipient compatible regardless of blood type or tissue match..